We all know one of the most important inputs underpinning this multi-year bull market has been historically low-interest rates.  This, in turn, means bond prices, which work in inverse to yields, have also been a great performing asset.

In fact, yield on the 10-Year Treasury Note just hit 2.38%, it’s the lowest level in 18 months as investors have been pouring an inordinate of amount of money into bonds, both government and corporate, to seek a safe haven from the trade wars.

The flip side of this is China, with some $1.2 trillion, is one of the largest holders of U.S. debt and has been subtly hanging the threat of dumping bonds a possible threat to gain leverage in tariff negotiations.

And while the money flows from equities to bonds, it has started to shift from the latter back to the former. Most pension and mutual funds—which means by extension individuals— have bond allocations well above the historic averages.

With so much of their money, and potential future returns and savings, tied to these instruments and probably in a passive capacity, I think it is wise to make sure we all have a cursory understanding of bonds and their role not just in your portfolio, but the financial market at large.   

In this two-part series, we’ll introduce some bond basics. In this first part, we’ll address “What,  and Why” Next week, the “How and When.”

What are Bonds?

  • An interest-bearing instrument which promises to pay a stated amount of money at some future date.
  • Bonds are redeemed at the end of a term, called a maturity date. Some bonds have “call dates.” Issuers may call bonds earlier than its maturity date if it suits them at that time. Other bonds have “put features.” This is the opposite of a call date. “Put” allows the holder to sell the bond back to the issuer at a predetermined price before the stated maturity date.
  • When you buy a bond, you are in effect “lending money” to the issuer, much like an “I.O.U.”

Who Issues Bonds and Why are They Issued?

  • Bonds are issued by many types of entities, including: Governments, Corporations, Municipalities and Federal Agencies.
  • Bond issuers issue bonds generally to fund their operation. They pay the owner interest so long as the bond is outstanding.

When a bond is issued, the issuer assumes that they can earn more in their business than they are paying out on the interest payments. For a corporation, by example, this means they feel their “return on equity” will exceed their interest payment rate.

Bonds can be issued to fund an acquisition, for general corporate purposes or to pay off a maturing bond issued previously.

Why Invest in Bonds?

Most financial advisers, investment advisers or stockbrokers recommend that portfolios are properly “balanced,” otherwise known as asset allocation.

Bonds are generally more stable than equities and have a predictable stream of income, acting as a “shock absorber” in the overall scope of a portfolio and over time using bonds can help diversify and lower the risk of a portfolio, without sacrificing returns.

Types of Bonds

Government Bonds: Bonds that are issued by the U.S. Treasury. They are used to finance the federal government debt and are considered to have the bond market’s lowest risk because they are guaranteed by the U.S. Governments “full faith and credit” or, in other words, its taxing authority.

Corporate Bonds: A debt obligation issued by a corporation, such as IBM. Corporate bonds have ratings from AAA (such as Johnson & Johnson (JNJ) all the way down to BBB- (Standard and Poor’s) or Baa3 (Moody’s). Interest is generally paid semi-annually.

Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) These are not technical bonds, but rather “stock’ funds whose shares represent underlying bond holdings.  I place them high on the list as these have become the most popular vehicle for many, both money managers and individuals, to trade/get exposure to various slices of fixed income.  I.e., iShares Barclay 20 year (TLT) tracks long-term Treasury bonds while SPDR High Yield (JNK) tracks ‘junk’ bonds.

Municipal Bonds: A city or state-issued instrument. Interest on municipal bonds are generally tax exempt. If the bond was issued in the bondholder’s state of residence, interest is usually exempt from state tax. Interest is generally paid semi-annually. Municipal bonds are generally favored by high-income earners.

Federal Agencies: Government agencies and government-sponsored enterprises such as Ginnie Mae (GNMA), Fannie Mae (FNMA), and Freddie Mac (FHLMC) issue debt to support their role in financing mortgages that enable Americans to buy homes.  Without the government bailout, these bonds would have gone to zero. And their market has since become much smaller.

High-Yield or “Junk Bonds”, a junk bond is a “speculative” bond with a rating of BB+ (Standard and Poor’s) or Ba1 (Moody’s) or lower, but with a higher yield than investment grade bonds. There are two distinct types of junk bonds. First, many junk bonds are issued by young companies or companies with questionable credit and no access to bank credit; they are frequently issued to finance corporate takeovers. The second type of junk bonds are “fallen angels.” These bonds are represented by companies that were formerly investment grade, but whose fundaments have deteriorated to no longer warrant an investment grade rating. An example of high profile fallen angel were General Motors (GM) leading into and post-financial crisis.  

Pass-Through Mortgage-Backed Securities: Perhaps the most confusing of all bond types, also called mortgage pools. Mortgage-backed securities are debt instruments with a pool of real estate loans as the underlying collateral. The mortgage payments of the individual real estate assets are used to pay interest and principal on the bonds. Also known as “pass-through securities,” because interest and principal is passed-through from the mortgage holder to the servicing agent to the bondholder. The servicing agent earns a fee for performing the service.

Collateralized Mortgage Obligations: Otherwise known as CMO’s, these are securities in which mortgage pools are combined and separated into short, medium and long term securities (called tranches).  Individuals need to be careful in this area. These were the real “nuclear weapons” of the financial crisis.

Here’s the basic definition: Tranches are set up to pay different rates of interest depending upon their intended maturity. In the case of both mortgage pools and CMO’s, maturity dates can be a moving target. This is because pre-payment speeds of the underlying mortgages change as interest rates change. Generally, as rates rise, prepayment speeds decrease and maturities “extend.” Vice versa, as rates fall and maturities shorten. This market is a mostly institutional market as advanced analytics are necessary to calculate the yields and potential changes in maturities, prices, and yield.

Asset-Backed Securities: Otherwise known as ABS, these are bonds backed by financial assets. These financial assets typically consist of receivables other than mortgage loans. These include credit card receivables, auto loans, manufactured housing contracts and home-equity loans.  Issuance and repackaging of these bonds grew out of control and helped contribute to the financial crisis.

Derivatives: Derivative security is a financial instrument whose value is based on, and determined by, another security or benchmark (i.e. stock options, futures, interest rate swaps, floating rate notes, caps/floors). This is a market dominated by institutions due to their complexity and are rarely suitable for individual investors.

Adjustable Rate Bonds: Bonds whose coupons change periodically based upon an underlying index, like prime, LIBOR of COFI (11th district cost of fund index). Investors buy and sell these depending on which way they think the underlying index will move.

Closed-End Bond Funds: Closed-end bond funds are mutual funds that only offer shares once, usually in an initial public offering. Then they trade as equity would on an exchange. Closed-end funds can be municipal or corporate (investment grade or junk) and are sometimes leveraged to add yield to the portfolio in the form of a “carry trade.” Closed-end funds trade at both premiums and discounts to net asset value, usually discounts.

Most individuals that buy closed-end funds at IPO get burned as they are offered at an automatic premium to NAV because of brokerage and other fees associated with the offering. Most of the time, it pays to wait for them to settle down and wait for them to go trade at a discount – usually 45 to 60 days. The amount of discount or premium generally represents the investors’ attitudes towards the bond market. The more pessimism, the larger the discount. This is in direct contrast to open-ended funds, where investor sentiment is reflected by the issuance of new shares or redemption of outstanding shares.


 


About the Author: Steve Smith


Steve has more than 30 years of investment experience with an expertise in options trading. He’s written for TheStreet.com, Minyanville and currently for Option Sensei. Learn more about Steve’s background, along with links to his most recent articles. More...